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Salesforce Custom Metadata Types and Custom Settings

Salesforce Custom Metadata Types can deploy the definition and record values from sandbox to production with change set or packages instead of transferring manually or data load.

Setup -> Platform Tools -> Custom Code -> Custom Metadata Types (Salesforce Lightning)
Setup -> Build -> Develop -> Custom Metadata Types (Salesforce Classic)

List of Custom Metadata Data Type:-

Creates a relationship that links this custom metadata type to another metadata type, entity definition, or field definition. The domain determines the available values.
Allows users to select a True (checked) or False (unchecked) value.
Allows users to enter a date or pick a date from a popup calendar.
Allows users to enter a date and time, or pick a date from a popup calendar. When users click a date in the popup, that date and the current time are entered into the Date/Time field.
Allows users to enter an email address, which is validated to ensure proper format. If this field is specified for a contact or lead, users can choose the address when clicking Send an Email. Note that custom email addresses cannot be used for mass emails.
Allows users to enter any number. Leading zeros are removed.
Allows users to enter a percentage number, for example, ’10’ and automatically adds the percent sign to the number.
Allows users to enter any phone number. Automatically formats it as a phone number.
Allows users to select a value from a list you define.
Allows users to enter any combination of letters and numbers.
Allows users to enter up to 255 characters on separate lines.
Allows users to enter up to 131,072 characters on separate lines.
Allows users to enter any valid website address. When users click on the field, the URL will open in a separate browser window.

Salesforce Custom Settings can deploy only definition and not record.

Setup -> Platform Tools -> Custom Code -> Custom Settings (Salesforce Lightning)
Setup -> Build -> Develop -> Custom Metadata Types (Salesforce Classic)

List of Custom Settings Data Type:-

Allows users to select a True (checked) or False (unchecked) value.
Allows users to enter a dollar or other currency amount and automatically formats the field as a currency amount. This can be useful if you export data to Excel or another spreadsheet.
Allows users to enter a date or pick a date from a popup calendar.
Allows users to enter a date and time, or pick a date from a popup calendar. When users click a date in the popup, that date and the current time are entered into the Date/Time field.
Allows users to enter an email address, which is validated to ensure proper format. If this field is specified for a contact or lead, users can choose the address when clicking Send an Email. Note that custom email addresses cannot be used for mass emails.
Allows users to enter any number. Leading zeros are removed.
Allows users to enter a percentage number, for example, ’10’ and automatically adds the percent sign to the number.
Allows users to enter any phone number. Automatically formats it as a phone number.
Allows users to enter any combination of letters and numbers.
Allows users to enter up to 255 characters on separate lines.
Allows users to enter any valid website address. When users click on the field, the URL will open in a separate browser window.

Trailhead Module of Custom Metadata Types – https://trailhead.salesforce.com/content/learn/modules/custom_metadata_types

Create and Manage Custom Metadata Types and Setup Custom Metadata Type for VAT Tax for the Trailhead Challenge – https://developer.salesforce.com/forums/?id=9060G000000XhDEQA0

Reference Link from Salesforce Community:

Custom Metadata Types – https://help.salesforce.com/articleView?id=custommetadatatypes_about.htm&type=5

Access Custom Metadata Records Programmatically – https://help.salesforce.com/articleView?id=custommetadatatypes_accessing.htm&type=5

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